政府引导下的逆向供应链契约设计

运用委托代理理论和甄别博弈的显示性原理,探讨不对称信息下逆向供应链契约设计问题。分别基于政府不参与逆向供应链运作、政府对零售商实施奖励、政府对零售商实施奖惩三种前提,建立决策模型,得到不同模型下制造商提供给零售商的契约设计策略。三种契约比较分析显示:政府对零售商实施奖励政策时,制造商提供给零售商的线性支付最小,此时制造商提供的契约最为有利。     

基于演化博弈视角的政府预算博弈模型设计及分析

针对政府预算体系,由于部门采取的行为策略是基于有限理性而做出的,所以博弈双方的策略选择实际上是不断调整的,并且是根据对方策略的变化而不断变化的。因此,运用演化博弈工具来研究政政府预算体系更符合现实情况。基于此,从演化博弈理论的研究视角探讨了预算审批部门、预算申报部门和财政支出部门决策的演化过程,建立了预算审批部门和预算申报部门以及财政支出部门之间的演化博弈模型。分析了审批部门、申报部门和支出部门的行为特征,根据复制者动态方程得到了参与者的行为演化规律和行为演化稳定策略。最后,文章通过数值算例对结论进行了论证。     

The 13C bicarbonate method: an inverse end product method for measuring CO2 production and energy expenditure

We reconsider the principle of the ¹³C bicarbonate (NaH¹³CO₃) method (¹³C-BM) for the determination of the CO₂ production to obtain an estimate of energy expenditure (EE). Its mathematical concept based on a three-compartmental model is related to the [¹⁵N]glycine end product method. The CO₂ production calculated by the ¹³C-BM, R_aCO₂(¹³C) is compared to the result from the indirect calorimetry, RCO₂(IC). In an interspecies comparison (dog, goat, horse, cattle, children, adult human; body mass ranging from 15 to 350?kg, resting and fasting conditions) we found an excellent correlation between the results of ¹³C-BM and IC with RCO₂(IC)?=?0.703?×?R_aCO₂(¹³C), (R²?=?0.99). The slope of this correlation corresponds to the fractional ¹³C recovery (RF(¹³C)) of ¹³C in breath CO₂ after administration of NaH¹³CO₃. Significant increase in RF(¹³C) was found in physically active dogs (0.95?±?0.14; n?=?5) vs. resting dogs (0.71?±?0.10, n?=?17; p?=?.015). The ¹³C recovery in young bulls was greater in blood CO₂ (0.81?±?0.05) vs. breath CO₂ (0.73?±?0.05, n?=?12, p?<?.001) and in ponies with oral (0.76?±?0.03, n?=?8) vs. intravenous administration of NaH¹³CO₃ (0.69?±?0.07; n?=?8; p?=?.026). We suggest considering the ¹³C-BM as a ‘stand-alone’ method to provide information on the total CO₂ production as an index of EE.     

Breath water-based doubly labelled water method for the noninvasive determination of CO2 production and energy expenditure in mice

ABSTRACT

We explored a novel doubly labelled water (DLW) method based on breath water (BW-DLW) in mice to determine whole body CO₂ production and energy expenditure noninvasively. The BW-DLW method was compared to the DLW based on blood plasma. Mice (n?=?11, 43.5?±?4.6?g body mass (BM)) were administered orally a single bolus of doubly labelled water (1.2?g H₂¹⁸O kg BM^?1 and 0.4?g ²H₂O kg BM^?1, 99 atom% (AP) ¹⁸O or ²H). To sample breath water, the mice were placed into a respiration vessel. The exhaled water vapour was condensed in a cold-trap. The isotope enrichments of breath water were compared with plasma samples. The ²H/¹H and ¹⁸O/¹⁶O isotope ratios were measured by means of isotope ratio mass spectrometry. The CO₂ production (RCO₂) was calculated from the ²H and ¹⁸O enrichments in breath water and plasma over 5 days. The isotope enrichments of breath water vs. plasma were correlated (R²?=?0.89 for ²H and 0.95 for ¹⁸O) linearly. The RCO₂ determined based on breath water and plasma was not different (113.2?±?12.7 vs. 111.4?±?11.0?mmol?d^–1), respectively. In conclusion, the novel BW-DLW method is appropriate to obtain reliable estimates of RCO₂ avoiding blood sampling.     

The measurement of oxygen consumption and ventilation volume of draught animals using a modified Oxylog

This paper describes how the Oxylog, an apparatus for measuring the respiratory ventilation volume and oxygen consumption of ambulatory human beings which is manufactured by Morgan, Kent, UK has been adapted for use with draught animals up to 500 kg live weight. Modifications included a suitable face mask which can be made cheaply and easily for animals of different sizes and two types of enlarged flow meters allowing ventilation volume (VV) up to 320 1 min⁻¹ and oxygen consumption (VO₂) up to 131 min⁻¹ to be measured. When tested against a calibrated piston pump, the modified Oxylog performed as well as the original and measured VV and VO₂ to ±1%. Determinations of VO₂ of a cow agreed to within ±6% with simultaneous measurements obtained from an open circuit, laboratory based respirometric system (average difference 1.5% SD ±3.6, n = 14). Examples are given of results obtained from animals working in the field in Nigeria and Nepal.     

Selecting a portfolio of nonhomogeneous R&D proposals

This article reports a procedure developed to assist the U.S. Department of Energy in the selection of a portfolio of proposals addressing the design and manufacture of components of solar photovoltaic arrays, and complete photovoltaic systems. Considerations such as the relative importance of the different components in the overall effort, compatibility of the proposed designs, and budgetary and programmatic issues were complicating factors. The technical quality of each proposal was represented by multiple evaluation measures. These were combined into a single index through the use of multi attributeutility function. Indices representing the relative importance of the various components were then developed, and results in measurable value theory were applied to derive an index of technical quality of a portfolio of proposals. The problem was then formulated as an integer program. It was solved by using an interactive branch and bound code that allowed for sensitivity analysis before selecting the portfolio of proposals for funding.The procedure was successfully applied to funding a portfolio of proposals aimed at reducing the cost of producing photovoltaic arrays, and to several other government-sponsored procurements.     

Loss of control and returns to scale in organizations

The paper considers the efficiency of organizations as a function of their size and mode of operation.     

基于政府政策规制的众包物流定价策略研究

考虑政府对众包物流市场采取激励性政策和约束性政策,基于不同的市场结构,以众包物流平台利润最大化为目标,构建政府政策规制的平台最优定价模型,运用最优化方法求解平台最优定价,最后利用数值分析对相关结论进行验证。研究结果表明：在垄断型市场结构下,当政府采取激励性政策时,平台定价随用户间交叉网络外部性的增加而增加;当政府采取约束性政策时,平台定价与政府限制力度负相关,平台定价随政府限制力度的增强而降低。在竞争型市场结构下,当政府采取激励性政策时,平台定价随平台服务差异化系数的增加而降低;当政府采取约束性政策时,平台定价随政府限制力度的增强呈先增后降的趋势。     

政府补贴下多渠道回收的闭环供应链决策

考虑无主导、制造商主导以及零售商主导三种市场力量结构,建立了双渠道销售和三渠道回收的闭环供应链博弈决策模型,并从理论上比较分析不同市场力量结构对政府补贴、消费者购买产品支出、回收量、供应链各成员利润,供应链总利润以及社会福利的影响.最后运用算例验证了模型的有效性,并分析了回收废旧产品所节约成本,销售渠道竞争系数和回收渠道冲突系数的变化对政府补贴、社会福利和供应链总利润的影响.